Where the numbers came from
retatrutide references for each trial number
Human trials come first. Lab papers and reviews follow, so you can tell which kind of paper supports each claim.
Which papers support the main numbers?
The list starts with finished human trials. The mid-stage Phase 2 weight paper supports the 48-week weight and side-effect numbers [1], while the Phase 2 type 2 diabetes paper supports the average-sugar blood test and 36-week weight result [2]. The small early Phase 1b paper supports the six-day half-life [4]. The fatty-liver paper supports the MRI-measured liver-fat findings [5].
Other papers answer other questions. One lab paper shows retatrutide fitting into three receiving parts on cells [3]. Reviews explain the fuel-releasing hormone and compare this drug with related work [7][8][11][12][14]. They also mark what remains unknown about severe liver disease.
The kind of source matters. A human trial tells what changed among its volunteers. A lab paper offers one reason the drug may act that way. A review gathers several papers, but it doesn't become a fresh human trial.
Which papers tell us about harm and unknowns?
Human trial papers record stomach trouble, pulse changes, and blood sugar [1][2][4]. A review joins several fair-trial results, but it can't replace reading each kind of side effect [18]. An added study found that muscle and other tissue fell along with fat [16]. A food-protein paper used animals, not people, so it appears only as an animal finding [17].
No paper here tells what happens when a person stops retatrutide. One study watched weight return after people stopped liraglutide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide [10]. A later review explains why weight may return after related drugs stop [15]. Neither paper tested stopping retatrutide.
Those related drugs give useful background, but they can't provide a retatrutide percentage. The honest answer is that stopping effects remain unknown. You can still see why researchers ask the question. The source list keeps that gap clear.
How do you use the numbers in brackets?
A number in brackets points to the matching paper below. When the number sits after a sentence, that paper supports the fact or finding. Several bracketed numbers may point to different kinds of papers. One may be the human trial, while another may be a review that adds background.
The big facts all carry a source. That includes weight change, group size, study length, trial amount, half-life, liver fat, and side effects. A plain meaning of a common term may not need its own number. Personal reports on the side-effects page never appear here as proof that a drug works.
You don't need to read every paper to use the page. Start with the sentence you want to check. Match its bracketed number to the list. The title will tell you whether the paper studied people, lab work, or other papers.
What is included, and what is left out?
This list includes the papers used here, not every retatrutide paper ever printed. Human trials, the liver study, safety work, and checks of fat and muscle are here. Lab papers and reviews help explain the findings. Shopping pages, clinics, drug sellers, and product ads are left out.
New studies may change what you read. Before that happens, the people, time, comparison group, and health check all need review. A company press note doesn't carry the same weight as a full paper checked by other experts. Expected future results aren't treated as facts.
Some papers give background without proving a retatrutide result. Related drugs have been tied to weight regain after stopping [10][15]. Another broad liver review combines work on several drugs [13]. These papers raise questions; they don't answer them alone.
The human fatty-liver study remains the direct source for retatrutide liver-fat numbers [5]. PubMed is a public library of medical paper listings. PubMed Central offers full papers, while a DOI link leads to the publisher. ClinicalTrials.gov lists trial plans, and none of these links was picked to sell a product.
- Jastreboff AM, et al. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514–526. ↗
- Rosenstock J, et al. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10401):529–544. ↗
- Li W, Zhou Q, Cong Z, et al. Structural insights into the triple agonism at GLP-1R, GIPR and GCGR manifested by retatrutide. Cell Discovery. 2024;10:77. ↗
- Urva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, et al. LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b multiple-ascending dose trial. Lancet. 2022;400:1869–1881. ↗
- Sanyal AJ, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial. Nature Medicine. 2024;30:2037–2048. ↗
- Katsi V, Koutsopoulos G, Fragoulis C, Dimitriadis K, Tsioufis K. Retatrutide — A Game Changer in Obesity Pharmacotherapy. Biomolecules. 2025;15:796. ↗
- Neff GW, et al. Shared mechanistic pathways of glucagon signalling: Unlocking its potential for treating obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and other cardio-kidney-metabolic conditions. Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism. 2025;27(12):6869–6883. ↗
- Concepción-Zavaleta MJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of anti-obesity drugs in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: An updated review. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2025;31(37):111435. ↗
- Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the TRANSCEND-CKD trial of retatrutide. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2025. ↗
- Weight Regain After Liraglutide, Semaglutide or Tirzepatide Interruption. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025;14(11):3791. ↗
- Seven glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and polyagonists for weight loss. Review. 2024. ↗
- Abenavoli L, et al. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Incretin Receptor Agonists: A Metabolic Approach to Halting Liver Disease Progression. Medicina. 2026;62(5):986. ↗
- Andonie CR, et al. Comparative Analysis of Glucagon Receptor Agonists vs. Resmetirom in MASLD and MASH: Network Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism. 2026. ↗
- Lu X, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual/triple receptor agonists in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: advances in mechanistic research. Frontiers in Medicine. 2026. ↗
- Weight Regain After GLP-1-Based Therapy Discontinuation: Failure, Physiology, and the Path Forward. Cureus. 2026. ↗
- Coskun T, et al. Effects of retatrutide on body composition in people with type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a randomised, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025. ↗
- Dietary protein defends lean mass and maintains the metabolic benefits of weight loss. Molecular Metabolism. 2024;89:102024. ↗
- Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a novel GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center). 2025. ↗